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Minnesota: homes, climate zones and who licenses the work

Minnesota has 2.5 million housing units. 52.1% were built before 1980, and the median year built is 1979. 72.2% of occupied homes are lived in by their owners.

How old the homes are

Minnesota housing units, by year built

Layers drawn to scale

Minnesota housing units by year built 52.1% of Minnesota housing units were built before 1980 and 47.9% in 1980 or later. 2020 or later: 1.9%; 2010–2019: 8.5%; 2000–2009: 13.3%; 1990–1999: 12.2%; 1980–1989: 12.0%; 1970–1979: 14.2%; 1960–1969: 9.1%; 1950–1959: 9.1%; 1940–1949: 4.1%; 1939 or earlier: 15.6%. Before 1980 52.1% 1980 or later 47.9% 2020 or later 1.9% 2010–2019 8.5% 2000–2009 13.3% 1990–1999 12.2% 1980–1989 12.0% 1970–1979 14.2% 1960–1969 9.1% 1950–1959 9.1% 1940–1949 4.1% 1939 or earlier 15.6%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020–2024 5-year estimates, tables B25034, B25035 and B25003; heating fuel below from B25040.

Age changes what applies to a house. In general, anyone paid to do work that disturbs painted surfaces in a home built before 1978 must be certified in lead-safe work practices under the EPA's Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule, which the EPA administers directly in Minnesota.

How homes are heated

How homes in Minnesota are heated

Main heating fuel, share of 2.3 million occupied homes

  • Utility gas 65.1%
  • Electricity 19.4%
  • Propane or other tank gas 10.8%
  • Wood 1.6%
  • Fuel oil or kerosene 1.3%
  • Other fuel 0.9%
  • No fuel used 0.9%
  • Solar energy 0.1%
  • Coal or coke <0.1%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020–2024 5-year estimates, table B25040 (occupied housing units).

Climate and building zones

The 2021 International Energy Conservation Code assigns every county a climate zone from 1 to 8 and a moisture regime: A for moist, B for dry, C for marine. Zones 7 and 8 have no letter. Here is how Minnesota's residents divide among them, by the county they live in.

IECC 2021 zoneShare of residentsCounties
6A87.3%61
711.1%23
5A1.6%3

ENERGY STAR rates windows, doors and skylights for four climate zones of its own. All of Minnesota falls in the Northern zone.

By NOAA's 1991–2020 climate normals, counties here average 164 days a year with a low of 32°F or colder, weighted by where people live. The range runs from 139 days in the mildest county to 196 in the coldest.

Flood risk and flood insurance

0.2% of residential structures in Minnesota carry a National Flood Insurance Program policy: 5,166 policies, in FEMA's count as of August 3, 2026.

In FEMA's National Risk Index, 2 of 87 counties rate high or very high for riverine flooding.

Fire ants and termites

No county in Minnesota is inside the federal imported fire ant quarantine.

Who licenses the work in Minnesota

Before anyone starts work, check the license with the agency below. Where the state does not license a trade, cities and counties may; ask the one where the house is.

Checked 2026-09-29. Licensing rules change; the agency's own page is the authority.

Sources

  1. U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2020–2024 5-year estimates, tables B25034, B25035, B25040 and B25003 data.census.gov
  2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Guide to Determining Climate Zone by County: Building America and IECC 2021 Updates basc.pnnl.gov
  3. U.S. Department of Energy Prototype Building Models (climate zones 1–8 and moisture regimes A, B, C) energycodes.gov
  4. ENERGY STAR Climate zones by county for windows, doors and skylights energystar.gov
  5. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020, annual and seasonal ncei.noaa.gov
  6. Federal Emergency Management Agency OpenFEMA NFIP Residential Penetration Rates (as of 2026-08-03) fema.gov
  7. Federal Emergency Management Agency National Risk Index, county ratings fema.gov
  8. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Imported fire ant quarantine map aphis.usda.gov
  9. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations 7 CFR part 301, subpart P, Imported Fire Ant ecfr.gov
  10. Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division mda.state.mn.us mda.state.mn.us
  11. Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division revisor.mn.gov revisor.mn.gov
  12. Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division mda.state.mn.us mda.state.mn.us
  13. Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division npic.orst.edu npic.orst.edu
  14. Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry dli.mn.gov dli.mn.gov
  15. Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry dli.mn.gov dli.mn.gov
  16. Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry revisor.mn.gov revisor.mn.gov
  17. Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry revisor.mn.gov revisor.mn.gov
  18. health.state.mn.us health.state.mn.us health.state.mn.us
  19. epa.gov epa.gov epa.gov
  20. health.state.mn.us health.state.mn.us health.state.mn.us